Obesidad y piel / Obesity and skin

Introduction: Obesity is a growing global health problem; it may even be one of the worst public health issues. In Chile, 34.4% of the population is obese, therefore, is it important for clinicians to be aware of all the consequences of obesity. In this review, we will address the relation of four main dermatologic conditions with obesity: psoriasis, hidradenitis suppurativa, acanthosis nigricans and malignant melanoma. Material and methods: Search in pubmed for obesity and psoriasis, hidradenitis suppurativa, acanthosis nigricans and malignant melanoma. Results: Obesity has a direct impact in the prevalence and severity of psoriasis, hidradenitis suppurativa, acanthosis nigricans. The reduction on body weight has proven to reduce severity of psoriasis and hidradenitis suppurativa. Obese patients with psoriasis have a higher risk on adverse effects due to medication and less effectiveness of biological medications. Acanthosis nigricans is a clinical indicator of insulin resistance and a risk predictor for those with greater risk to develop diabetes in the future. The relationship between obesity and malignant melanoma is not clear and needs further research. Conclusion: Obesity is increasing, dermatologist will face this condition more frequently, it has a great impact over psoriasis, hidradenitis suppurativa, acanthosis nigricans and malignant melanoma, thus it should be considered in treatment decisions. (AU)

Prevalencia de acantosis nigricans y factores asociados con el síndrome metabólico en Nobsa (Boyacá, Colombia) / Prevalence of Acanthosis Nigricans and Associated Factors to Metabolic Syndrome in Nobsa (Boyacá, Colombia) / Prevalência de acantose nigricans e fatores associados com a síndrome metabólica em Nobsa (Boyacá, Colômbia)

Introducción: El síndrome metabólico es un conjunto de anormalidades fisiológicas que manifiestan resistencia a la insulina, de la que se derivan complicaciones micro y macrovasculares de alto costo en salud. Objetivo: Estimar la prevalencia de la acantosis nigricans y los factores sociodemográficos asociados en una pobla-ción con síndrome metabólico del municipio de Nobsa (Boyacá, Colombia) en el periodo agosto de 2017-agosto de 2018. Método: Estudio transversal analítico en una muestra de 82 pacientes del programa de crónicos del municipio de Nobsa. Se recolectó información sobre la presencia o ausencia de acantosis nigricans en la exploración física, junto con medidas antropométricas, fototipo de piel y presión arterial; así como concentración sérica de glucosa en ayuno, creatinina y perfil lipídico. Los datos se analizaron mediante la prueba de chi cuadrado. Resultados: En una muestra de 82 pacientes con edad media de 62 años, de los cuales el 91 % fueron mujeres, se encontró una prevalencia de acantosis nigricans del 41,5 % con asociación estadísticamente significativa para niveles elevados de glucosa (p = 0,008) y un odds ratio de 3,75 (IC95 %: 1,3-10,2). Para las demás variables en estudio no se evidenció asociación con significancia estadística. Conclusiones: la acantosis nigricans es un signo clínico indicador de resistencia a la insulina y de niveles alterados de glucemia

Introduction: The metabolic syndrome is a set of physiological abnormalities that manifest insulin resistance, from which high cost micro- and macrovascular complications in health derive. Objective: To estimate the prevalence of acanthosis nigricans and the sociodemographic factors asso-ciated with the population with metabolic syndrome in the municipality of Nobsa (Boyacá, Colombia), from August 2017 to August 2018. Method: Analytical cross-sectional study in a sample of 82 patients from the Nobsa municipality chronic program. Information was collected on the presence or absence of acanthosis nigricans in the physical examination together with anthropometric measurements, skin phototype and blood pres-sure, as well as serum concentration of fasting glucose, creatinine, and lipid profile. The data were analyzed using the Chi square test. Results: In a sample of 82 patients with a mean age of 62 years, of which 91% were women, a pre-valence of acanthosis nigricans of 41.5% was found with a statistically significant association for high glucose levels (p = 0.008) and an Odds Ratio of 3.75 (95% CI: 1.3-10.2). For the other variables under study, no association with statistical significance was evidenced. Conclusions: Acanthosis nigricans is a clinical sign of insulin resistance and altered blood glucose levels

Introdução: A síndrome metabólica é um conjunto de anomalias fisiológicas que manifestam resis-tência à insulina, da qual derivam complicações micro e macro vasculares de alto custo em saúde. Objetivo: Estimar a prevalecia de acantose nigricans e os fatores sociodemográficos associados, a uma população com síndrome metabólica no município de Nobsa (Boyacá, Colômbia) no período de Agosto de 2017 ­ Agosto de 2018. Método: Estudo analítico transversal com uma amostra de 82 pacientes do Programa de crónicos no município de Nobsa. Foram recolhidas informações sobre a presença ou ausência de acantose nigri-cans no exame físico, juntamente com medições antropométricas, fotótipo de pele e pressão sanguí-nea; bem como a concentração sérica da glicose em jejum, creatinina e perfil lipídico. Os dados foram analisados utilizando o teste do qui-quadrado. Resultados: Uma amostra de 82 pacientes com idade meia de 62 anos, 91 % dos quais eram mulhe-res, foi identificada uma prevalência de acantose nigricans de 41,5 % com associação estatisticamente significativa para níveis elevadas de glicose (p = 0,008) e um odds ratio de 3,75 (IC95 %: 1,3-10,2). Para as outras variáveis em estudo, não foi evidenciada associação estatisticamente significativa. Conclusões: A acantose nigricans é um sinal clinico indicador de resistência à insulina e níveis eleva-dos de glicose no sangue

Intraoral acanthosis nigricans and its clinical relevance as a manifestation of a paraneoplastic syndrome: a case report / Acantosis nigricans intraoral y su relevancia clínica como manifestación de un síndrome paraneoplásico: reporte de un caso

Malignant-or-paraneoplastic acanthosis nigricans is a verrucous and hyperpigmented tumor affecting the mucosa and skin. In most cases malignant acanthosis nigricans is a distant manifestation of an intra-abdominal primary cancer. While the diagnosis of malignant acanthosis nigricans is challenging, some specific clinical and histopathological findings could lead to an accurate diagnosis. A rare clinical case of a 59-year-old female, who was referred to the maxillofacial surgery service due to a painful oral lesion in the palatine region, is presented. Upon examination, papillomatous lesions were observed on the hard palate, that were later diagnosed as intraoral malignant acanthosis nigricans secondary to gastric cancer. Both local and systemic evaluations are discussed, highlighting the relevance of a multidisciplinary approach consistent with the fact that these manifestations, although infrequent, should generate suspicion among clinicians and therefore motivation to perform a diligent and complete study since it can reveal the presence of a malignant pathology.

La acantosis nigricans maligna o paraneoplásica es un tumor verrugoso e hiperpigmentado que afecta la mucosa y la piel. En la mayoría de los casos, la acantosis nigricans maligna es una manifestación distante de un cáncer primario intraabdominal. Si bien el diagnóstico de acantosis nigricans maligna es desafiante, algunos hallazgos clínicos e histopatológicos específicos podrían conducir a un diagnóstico preciso. Se presenta un caso clínico raro de una mujer de 59 años, que fue derivada al servicio de cirugía maxilofacial debido a una lesión oral dolorosa en la región palatina. En el examen, se observaron lesiones papilomatosas en el paladar duro, que posteriormente se diagnosticaron como acantosis nigricans maligna intraoral secundaria a cáncer gástrico. Se discuten tanto las evaluaciones locales como las sistémicas, destacando la relevancia de un enfoque multidisciplinario consistente con el hecho de que estas manifestaciones, aunque poco frecuentes, deberían generar sospecha entre los clínicos y, por lo tanto, motivación para un estudio diligente y completo, ya que puede revelar la presencia de una patología maligna.

Acral Involvement in a Typical Case of Acanthosis Nigricans / 대한피부과학회지

No abstract available.

Acanthosis nigricans as a clinical marker of insulin resistance among overweight adolescents

PURPOSE: Acanthosis nigricans (AN) is a hyperpigmented dermatosis associated with obesity and insulin resistance (IR). There is no consensus whether AN extension scoring offers added value to the clinical estimation of IR. In this study we aimed to assess and score AN using both a short and an extended version of the scale proposed by Burke et al. and analyze the relationships of both versions with hyperinsulinemia and IR. METHODS: We analyzed data from 139 overweight adolescents (body mass index ≥85th percentile) aged 12–18 with (n=67) or without (n=72) AN who were followed at a pediatric obesity clinic. RESULTS: Adolescents with AN had higher levels of insulin (d=0.56, P=0.003) and HOMA-IR (d=0.55, P=0.003) compared to those without. Neither the short nor the extended versions of AN scores explained either hyperinsulinemia (β=1.10, P=0.316; β=1.15, P=0.251) or IR (β=1.07, P=0.422; β=1.10, P=0.374). The presence of AN alone predicted hyperinsulinemia and the presence of IR in 7.3% (β=2.68, P=0.008) and 7.1% (β=2.59, P=0.009) of adolescents, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Screening for AN at the neck and axilla is a noninvasive and cost-effective way to identify asymptomatic overweight adolescents with or at risk of developing IR.

Signo de leser-trélat, signo paraneoplásico en cáncer de mama metastásico: presentación de caso / Leser-trélat sign: paraneoplastic sign in metastatic breast cancer, case presentation / Sinal de leser-trélat: sinal paraneoplásico em câncer de mama metastático, apresentação de caso

Resumen El signo de Leser-Trélat es una erupción súbita y de veloz crecimiento de cuantiosas queratosis seborreicas secundarias a una neoplasia interna. Estas pueden estar relacionadas con prurito y acantosis nigricans. Las neoplasias asociadas frecuentemente al signo de Leser-Trélat son los adenocarcinomas gástricos, de colon y mama, representado en menor cantidad por linfomas, carcinoma de células escamosas y malignidades hematológicas. Siendo el signo de Leser-Trélat una dermatosis paraneoplásica infrecuente, se presenta un caso de una paciente de 76 años con cáncer de mama avanzado asociado a este signo.

Abstract The Leser-Trelat sign is a sudden and rapid growth eruption of large seborrheic keratoses secondary to an internal neoplasm. These may be related to pruritus and acanthosis nigricans. The neoplasms frequently associated with the Leser-Trélat sign are gastric, colon and breast adenocarcinomas, represented to a lesser extent by lymphomas, squamous cell carcinoma and hematological malignancies. As the Leser-Trélat sign is an uncommon paraneoplastic dermatosis, a case of a 76-year-old patient with advanced breast cancer associated with this sign is presented.

Resumo O sinal de Leser-Trélat é uma erupção súbita e de veloz crescimento de múltiplas ceratoses seborreicas secundárias a uma neoplasia interna. Estas podem estar relacionadas com prurido e acantose nigricans. As neoplasias associadas frequentemente ao sinal de Leser-Trélat são os adenocarcinomas gástricos, de colón e mama, representado em menor quantidade por linfomas, carcinoma de células escamosas e malignidades hematológicas. Sendo o sinal de Leser-Trélat uma dermatose paraneoplásica infrequente, apresenta-se um caso de uma paciente de 76 anos com câncer de mama avançado associado a esse sinal.

Associação entre acantose nigricans e outros fatores de risco cardiometabólico em crianças e adolescentes com sobrepeso e obesidade / Association between acanthosis nigricans and other cardiometabolic risk factors in children and adolescents with overweight and obesity

RESUMO Objetivo: Avaliar em um grupo de crianças e adolescentes com obesidade e sobrepeso a presença ou não de acantose nigricans e sua associação com alterações metabólicas. Métodos: Estudo transversal envolvendo 161 indivíduos com excesso de peso, que foram divididos em dois grupos, segundo a presença ou não de acantose nigricans, e nos quais foram obtidas medidas antropométricas (índice de massa corporal, pregas cutâneas, circunferência abdominal), pressão arterial, análises laboratoriais (glicemia de jejum, insulina, perfil lipídico, triglicerídeos, ácido úrico, transaminases) e o índice homeostasis model assessment. Resultados: O grupo com acantose nigricans representou 51,5% da amostra. A média de idade foi semelhante entre os grupos. O grupo com acantose nigricans apresentou maiores índice de massa corporal, escore Z do índice de massa corporal, percentual de gordura corporal, circunferência abdominal (p<0,0001) e pressão arterial sistólica (p=0,006) e diastólica (p=0,002). Não houve diferença significativa na análise do perfil lipídico, exceto o colesterol de alta densidade, que foi menor (p=0,003) no grupo com acantose. Já o ácido úrico (p<0,0001), a glicemia de jejum (p=0,006), a insulina (p<0,0001), a transaminase glutâmica oxalacética (p<0,0001) e o índice homeostasis model assessment (p<0,0001) foram significativamente maiores no grupo com acantose nigricans. Conclusões: Acantose nigricans em crianças e adolescentes com sobrepeso e obesidade esteve associada à elevação dos índices de adiposidade corporal, pressão arterial, insulina e homeostasis model assessment, indicando-a como marcador clínico associado à síndrome metabólica.

ABSTRACT Objective: To evaluate the presence or absence of acanthosis nigricans and its association with metabolic alterations in a group of obese and overweight children and adolescents. Methods: A cross sectional study of 161 overweight children and adolescents, who were divided into two groups, according to presence or absence of acanthosis nigricans. Anthropometric measurements (body mass index, skinfolds, abdominal circumference), blood pressure, laboratory tests (fasting glycemia, insulin, lipid profile, triglycerides, uric acid, transaminases) and homeostasis model assessment index. Results: The acanthosis nigricans group represented 51.5% of the sample. The mean age was similar between groups. The group with acanthosis nigricans presented higher body mass index, Z score of body mass index, body fat percentage, abdominal circumference (p<0.0001), systolic (p=0.006) and diastolic blood pressure (p=0.002). There was no significant difference in the analysis of lipid profile, except for the high-density cholesterol, which was lower (p=0.003) in the group with acanthosis. On the other hand, uric acid (p<0.0001), fasting glycemia (p=0.006), insulin (p<0.0001), glutamic oxalacetic transaminase (p<0.0001), and homeostasis model assessment index (p<0.0001) were significantly higher in the group with acanthosis nigricans. Conclusions: Acanthosis nigricans in overweight and obese children and adolescents is associated with elevation of body fat, blood pressure, insulin and homeostasis model assessment index, indicating that it is a clinical marker associated with the metabolic syndrome.

Erbium-doped Yttrium Aluminum Garnet Laser to Treat Familial Acanthosis Nigricans / 대한피부과학회지

No abstract available.

Acantosis nigricans y su asociación con insulinorresistencia en población infantil menor a 15 años con sobrepeso u obesidad / Acanthosis nigricans and its association with insulin resistance in children under 15 years of age with overweight or obesity

Contexto: la acantosis nigricans en sujetos adultos con obesidad es un marcador cutáneo de insulinorresistencia.Objetivo: determinar la asociación entre acantosis nigricans e insulinorresistencia en pacientes pediátricos. Sujetos y métodos: estudio de caso-control que evaluó a niños y adolescentes entre 6 a 15 años de edad que asistieron a consulta externa de Dermatología del Hospital Pediátrico Baca Ortiz de Quito, en el período julio a septiembre de 2015. Los pacientes se reclutaron por muestreo no probabilístico, conformándose dos grupos: casos y controles, con 25 sujetos cada uno. Resultados: se determinó en 15 pacientes (60%) con acantosis nigricans presentaron insulinorresistencia; de éstos, se calificó como acantosis nigricans moderada a 6 pacientes (24%) y severa 19 pacientes (76%) siendo más predictivas de insulinorresistencia en sujetos con obesidad (p=0,001). Los pacientes con obesidad y acantosis nigricans severa presentaron un OR de 54 (2,85-99,32) mientras que los pacientes diagnosticados de obesidad y acantosis nigricans moderada presentaron un OR de 12 (1,29-86,20). Conclusión: se encontró que la acantosis nigricans moderada y severa en niños y adolescentes con obesidad constituyo un signo cutáneo de insulinorresistencia. (AU)

Context: acanthosis nigricans in adult subjects with obesity is a cutaneous marker of insulin resistance. Objective: to determine the association between acanthosis nigricans and insulin resistance in pediatric patients. Subjects and methods: a case control study that evaluated children and adolescents between 6 and 15 years of age who attended the outpatient clinic of Dermatology of the Baca Ortiz Pediatric Hospital of Quito, from July to September 2015, were studied. Patients were recruited by non-probabilistic sampling, conforming two groups: cases and controls, with 25 subjects each. Results: it was determined in 15 patients (60%) with acanthosis nigricans presented insulin resistance; Of these, 6 patients (24%) and 19 patients (76%) were classified as moderate acanthosis nigricans, being more predictive of insulin resistance in subjects with obesity (p = 0.001). Patients with severe obesity and acanthosis nigricans had an OR of 54 (2.85-99.32) while patients diagnosed with obesity and moderate acanthosis nigricans had an OR of 12 (1.29-86.20). Conclusion: moderate and severe acanthosis nigricans in children and adolescents with obesity constitutes a cutaneous sign of insulin resistance. (AU)

Diabetes mellitus and the skin

Abstract: Several dermatoses are routinely associated with diabetes mellitus, especially in patients with chronic disease. This relationship can be easily proven in some skin disorders, but it is not so clear in others. Dermatoses such necrobiosis lipoidica, granuloma annulare, acanthosis nigricans and others are discussed in this text, with an emphasis on proven link with the diabetes or not, disease identification and treatment strategy used to control those dermatoses and diabetes.

Successful Repigmentation of Vitiligo-Like Hypopigmentation in a Case of Acanthosis Nigricans

No abstract available.

A Case of Hyperandrogenism, Insulin Resistance, and Acanthosis Nigricans Syndrome; Increase in Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen and Decrease in Loricrin in Acanthosis Nigricans

No abstract available.

A Case of Hyperandrogenism, Insulin Resistance, and Acanthosis Nigricans Syndrome; Increase in Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen and Decrease in Loricrin in Acanthosis Nigricans

No abstract available.

Acanthosis Nigricans as a Clinical Predictor of Insulin Resistance in Obese Children / 대한소아소화기영양학회지

PURPOSE: This study aimed to evaluate the utility of acanthosis nigricans (AN) severity as an index for predicting insulin resistance in obese children. METHODS: The subjects comprised 74 obese pediatric patients who attended the Department of Pediatrics at Chosun University Hospital between January 2013 and March 2016. Waist circumference; body mass index; blood pressure; fasting glucose and fasting insulin levels; lipid profile; aspartate transaminase, alanine transaminase, glycated hemoglobin, C-peptide, and uric acid levels; and homeostatic model assessment insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) and quantitative insulin check sensitivity index (QUICKI) scores were compared between subjects with AN and those without AN. Receiver operating characteristic curves were used to investigate the utility of the AN score in predicting insulin resistance. HOMA-IR and QUICKI were compared according to AN severity. RESULTS: The With AN group had higher fasting insulin levels (24.1±21.0 mU/L vs. 9.8±3.6 mU/L, p<0.001) and HOMA-IR score (5.74±4.71 vs. 2.14±0.86, p<0.001) than the Without AN group. The AN score used to predict insulin resistance was 3 points or more (sensitivity 56.8%, specificity 83.9%). HOMA-IR scores increased with AN severity, from the Without AN group (mean, 2.15; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.72-2.57) to the Mild AN (mean, 4.15; 95% CI, 3.04-5.25) and Severe AN groups (mean, 7.22; 95% CI, 5.08-9.35; p<0.001). CONCLUSION: Insulin resistance worsens with increasing AN severity, and patients with Severe AN (AN score ≥3) are at increased risk of insulin resistance.

A Case of Acanthosis Nigricans Induced by Growth Hormone Therapy / 대한피부과학회지

No abstract available.

Insulin Resistance, Dyslipidemia and Cardiovascular Changes in a Group of Obese Children / Insulino-resistência, Dislipidemia e Alterações Cardiovasculares num Grupo de Crianças Obesas

Introduction: Obesity-related comorbidities are present in young obese children, providing a platform for early adult cardiovascular disorders. Objectives: To compare and correlate markers of adiposity to metabolic disturbances, vascular and cardiac morphology in a European pediatric obese cohort. Methods: We carried out an observational and transversal analysis in a cohort consisting of 121 obese children of both sexes, between the ages of 6 and 17 years. The control group consisted of 40 children with normal body mass index within the same age range. Markers of adiposity, plasma lipids and lipoproteins, homeostasis model assessment-insulin resistance, common carotid artery intima-media thickness and left ventricular diameters were analyzed. Results: There were statistically significant differences between the control and obese groups for the variables analyzed, all higher in the obese group, except for age, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and adiponectin, higher in the control group. In the obese group, body mass index was directly correlated to left ventricular mass (r=0.542; p=0.001), the homeostasis model assessment-insulin resistance (r=0.378; p=<0.001) and mean common carotid artery intima-media thickness (r=0.378; p=<0.001). In that same group, insulin resistance was present in 38.1%, 12.5% had a combined dyslipidemic pattern, and eccentric hypertrophy was the most common left ventricular geometric pattern. Conclusions: These results suggest that these markers may be used in clinical practice to stratify cardiovascular risk, as well as to assess the impact of weight control programs. .

Fundamento: As comorbidades relacionadas com a obesidade encontram-se patentes em crianças jovens obesas e são, potencialmente, um ponto de partida para as doenças cardiovasculares em adultos jovens. Objetivos: Comparar e correlacionar marcadores de adiposidade com distúrbios metabólicos e alterações cardiovasculares numa coorte de crianças obesas europeias. Métodos: Estudo observacional e transversal de uma coorte composta por 121 crianças obesas de ambos os gêneros, entre 6 e 17 anos de idade. O grupo controle incluiu 40 crianças com índice de massa corporal normal dentro da mesma faixa etária. Analisamos marcadores de adiposidade, lípides e lipoproteínas, o índice de insulino-resistência, a espessura da camada íntima-média da artéria carótida comum e os diâmetros do ventrículo esquerdo. Resultados: Observamos diferenças significativas entre os grupos controle e obeso para todos os parâmetros em análise, com todos os valores mais elevados no grupo obeso, exceto a idade, a lipoproteína de alta densidade e a adiponectina, superiores no grupo controle. No grupo obeso, o índice de massa corporal correlacionou‑se diretamente com a massa ventricular esquerda (r=0,542; p=0,001), com o índice de insulino-resistência (r = 0,378; p = < 0,001) e com a espessura da camada íntima-média da artéria carótida comum (r = 0,378; p = <0,001). Ainda no grupo obeso, 38,1% tinham insulino-resistência, 12,5% apresentavam um padrão de dislipidemia combinada, e hipertrofia excêntrica foi a forma geométrica ventricular mais observada. Conclusões: Os resultados obtidos sugerem que os marcadores analizados podem ser utilizados para aferir risco cardiovascular, assim como para avaliar o impacto analítico e morfológico dos programas de redução de peso. .

Lipodistrofia parcial familiar tipo 1: ¿Un síndrome subdiagnosticado o raro?

La lipodistrofia parcial familiar de tipo1 (LPF 1) es un síndrome caracterizado por la pérdida parcial de grasa subcutánea en extremidades con distribución incrementada de la misma en rostro, cuello y tronco. Es una identidad familiar aunque hay casos espontáneos. Hasta ahora no se conoce mutación responsable. Se debe realizar diagnóstico diferencial con el síndrome de Cushing. Es un síndrome poco frecuente y en oportunidades se llega al diagnóstico cuando los pacientes presentan complicaciones cardiovasculares o afectación pancreática como consecuencia de una grave alteración metabólica. Se presenta el caso de una paciente de 45 años con diabetes mellitus desde los 20 años de edad, mal control glucémico (HbA1c: 11.7%) e hipertrigliceridemia (TG: 3000 mg/dl), índice de masa corporal (IMC): 38, extremidades adelgazadas, pérdida de grasa subcutánea en glúteos, sobreelevación de pliegue por encima de los mismos, venas prominentes en miembros inferiores, cara de luna llena y marcada acantosis nigricans, hipertensión (TA: 150/100 mm Hg) y medidas de pliegues subcutáneos disminuidos. El dosaje de leptina fue 16.8 mg/ml. El estudio genético para gen LMNA fue negativo. Se instauraron medidas de cambio de estilo de vida, tratamiento con fenofibrato, insulina premezcla 50/50 y enalapril, obteniéndose una franca mejoría clínica, de la HbA1c (7.8%) y de los TG (243 mg/dl).

Familial partial lipodystrophy (FPL) type 1 is a syndrome characterized by loss of subcutaneous fat in arms and legs and an excess of body fat in face, neck, and torso. This rare syndrome is usually diagnosed when patients present cardiovascular complications or pancreatitis due to the severe metabolic abnormalities. Here we present the case of a 45 year old diabetic female without any pathological family history, a poor glycemic control (HbA1c 11.7%), hypertriglideridemia (3000 mg/dl), a body mass index (BMI) of 38, thin limbs, subcutaneous fat loss in gluteal area and ledge of fat above them, prominent veins in lower extremities, moon face, and acanthosis nigricans; as well as hypertension (150/100 mmHg) and subcutaneous folds measuring less than average were observed. Hypercortisolism was discarded and leptin levels were measured (16.8 mg/ml, VR: BMI > 30: 50 mg/ml). Due to these clinical and biochemical manifestations, and low leptin levels (16.8 mg/ml), Kobberling syndrome was suspected; however, LMNA mutation analysis was negative. Changes in lifestyle and treatment with fenofibrate, biphasic insulin 50/50, and enalapril were initiated showing a a significant metabolic improvement: HbA1c (7.8%) and TG (243 mg/dl). FPL type 1 is a familial disease, although there are spontaneous cases. No specific mutation is responsible for this syndrome. Due to its clinical manifestations, Cushing syndrome must be discarded.

Association between acanthosis nigricans and metabolic syndrome in children with obesity / 中国当代儿科杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate adipokines levels in obese children with acanthosis nigricans (AN) and to explore the relationship between AN and metabolic syndrome (MS).</p><p><b>METHODS</b>A cross-sectional study was performed on 109 obese children and 47 age- and gender-matched normal controls. The obese children were divided into two groups with AN and without AN. Serum levels of adiponectin, leptin, TNF-α and retinol-binding protein 4 (RBP4) were measured using ELISA. Multiple logistic regression analysis was performed to estimate the association of clinical parameters with MS.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Waist-hip ratio, systolic blood pressure, triglyceride, fasting insulin and insulin resistance index (HOMA-IR) were significantly higher in obese children with AN than in those without AN and normal controls (P<0.05). The obese children with AN and without AN had lower adiponectin levels than normal controls (P<0.05), on the contrary, the obese children with AN had higher leptin levels than those without AN and normal controls (P<0.05). Multiple logistic regression analysis revealed that AN (OR=3.469, 95%CI: 1.518-7.929) and BMI (OR=7.108, 95%CI: 2.359-21.416) were independent risk factors for MS.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>As a visible marker of insulin resistance, AN is associated with abnormal adipokines secretion. Reducing the incidence of AN and losing weight may prevent obesity associated MS.</p>

[Review of current anti-obesity drugs in obese adults]

Obesity was a dangerous chronic disease. Physicians recommended drug therapy just in a few of obese patients in spite of many health risks. Weight control can be improved comorbidities of obesity like hyperlipedemia, hyperinsulinoma, acanthosis nigricans and hypertension. This article reviewed the available original and review literatures which had been published in English in websites of Google scholar and Pub Med with keywords drug, obesity and adults during 2002 - 2014. Drug therapy could improve obesity treatment after an unsuccessful combination of diet, exercise, and behaviour modification. Choice of treatment was based on multiple factors including the degree of obesity and patient preference. Drug therapy should be selected for a BMI] Body Mass Index [greater than 30 kg/m[2], or a BMI of 27 kg/m[2] with comorbid conditions including diabetes mellitus, hypertension, dyslipidaemia and heart disease.Prescription of anti-obesity drugs should be monitored carefully. Orlistat was the only drug for the long-term treatment of obesity. The efficacy of lorcaserin appears more than orlistat. Phentermine and diethylpropion are only approved for the short term treatment of obesity. Some antidepressant, antiepileptic, and antidiabetic drugs could be caused weight loss. New generation of anti-obesity drugs were under developing and more focus on the safety and efficacy combination treatments. Weight loss > 12kg reported in few investigational drugs. Some of them were discussed in this article. Obesity treatment is selected based on the side effects risks. Mostly of the available drugs have few side effects which decrease with treatment. There isn't a cure drug treatment for obesity now